How does a DC-DC converter support avionics rails (e.g., 5V or 3.3V) from a 28V distribution, and what design considerations apply?

How does a DC-DC converter support avionics rails (e.g., 5V or 3.3V) from a 28V distribution, and what design considerations apply?

• A. It steps down to required voltage with high efficiency; includes filtering, regulation, and noise suppression; must meet EMI and reliability requirements.
• B. It steps up voltage to 48V and ignores EMI.
• C. It uses a linear regulator with no filtering; high efficiency not required.
• D. It converts AC to DC but does not regulate voltage.

Answer: (D)